Nicaragua Gold Sector Faces Escalated US Sanctions Following Asset Seizures

By Muflih Hidayat -
Nicaragua gold sanctions impact export revenue.
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The intersection of international sanctions and natural resource extraction creates significant challenges for global mining operations, particularly when political tensions escalate between nations. The sanctions on Nicaragua's gold sector exemplify how targeted economic measures can reshape investment landscapes and operational frameworks for multinational corporations engaged in precious metals extraction.

The United States has implemented a sophisticated sanctions architecture that specifically targets Nicaragua's precious metals industry through the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC). This framework operates under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), which grants the Treasury Department broad authority to regulate economic transactions during national emergencies.

Key Legal Mechanisms Include:

Executive Order Authority: Presidential directives that establish the legal foundation for sectoral sanctions

OFAC Designation Process: Addition of individuals and entities to the Specially Designated Nationals (SDN) list

Financial Institution Compliance: Mandatory screening and blocking of transactions involving sanctioned parties

Secondary Sanctions Threats: Potential penalties for non-US entities facilitating prohibited activities

The sanctions framework targeting Nicaragua's gold sector represents a significant escalation in the use of sectoral sanctions as a diplomatic tool. Unlike comprehensive sanctions that affect entire economies, these measures focus specifically on gold mining operations, processing facilities, and related financial networks.

Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent emphasised that the Nicaraguan government had been filling its coffers by confiscating American investments, stating that the United States would not allow the illicit confiscation of American-owned assets and would continue targeting revenue streams that empower the regime. Furthermore, these executive order impact measures demonstrate how sectoral sanctions can reshape international investment flows.

What Triggered the Escalation of Mining Sector Sanctions?

The escalation of sanctions on Nicaragua's gold sector originated from a complex web of political and economic factors that began crystallising during the 2018 civil unrest period. The trigger events created a cascading series of policy responses that ultimately culminated in comprehensive sectoral sanctions targeting precious metals operations.

Political Context and Human Rights Violations

The foundation for current sanctions traces back to April 2018, when Nicaragua experienced widespread civil demonstrations that were met with violent government crackdowns. The United Nations subsequently documented systematic human rights violations through fact-finding missions, creating the international legal basis for punitive economic measures.

Critical Timeline Events:

April 2018: Mass demonstrations erupted across Nicaragua following proposed social security reforms

2018-2019: Government forces conducted systematic repression of protesters and civil society organisations

2020-2021: Authoritarian consolidation accelerated under the Ortega-Murillo administration

2021: Suppression of opposition candidates during presidential elections

2022-2024: Expanded targeting of religious institutions and independent media

The UN's Group of Experts on Human Rights described the situation as a "tightly coordinated system of repression" following the protests, providing the documentation necessary for international sanctions implementation.

Economic Motivations for Targeting Gold

Nicaragua's gold sector represents a strategically vulnerable economic target due to its outsized importance in the country's export profile and foreign exchange earnings. The precious metals industry generates substantial government revenues through state-owned enterprises and taxation of foreign mining operations.

Strategic Economic Factors:

Export Concentration: Gold constitutes a significant portion of Nicaragua's total export revenue to the United States

Foreign Exchange: Precious metals exports provide critical hard currency earnings

State Revenue: Government-controlled mining enterprises funnel profits directly to regime coffers

Financial Networks: Gold sales create traceable financial flows suitable for sanctions targeting

The state-owned Empresa Nicaraguense de Minas (ENIMINAS) has been particularly significant in generating revenue for the government whilst facilitating what Treasury officials describe as a system of kickbacks to regime insiders and private sector partners.

Which Entities Face Direct Sanctions Under Current Measures?

The sanctions on Nicaragua's gold sector encompass a comprehensive network of individuals, companies, and government entities involved in precious metals extraction, processing, and export operations. These designations represent one of the most extensive targeting efforts against a Central American nation's natural resource sector.

Government-Controlled Mining Operations

Empresa Nicaraguense de Minas (ENIMINAS)

This state-owned enterprise represents the cornerstone of Nicaragua's government-controlled mining operations. ENIMINAS has been accused of operating as a revenue generation mechanism for the Ortega-Murillo administration whilst facilitating corruption through private sector partnerships.

The company previously controlled substantial portions of national gold exports and has been instrumental in funnelling mining profits to what Treasury officials describe as regime insiders and political machinery financing.

Financial Impact Mechanisms:

Asset Freezing: All ENIMINAS assets under US jurisdiction are blocked

Transaction Prohibitions: US persons cannot engage in business with the entity

Banking Exclusion: Complete removal from the US financial system

Trade Restrictions: Export and import prohibitions with US companies

High-Profile Individual Designations

The sanctions regime targets key government officials and presidential family members who have been instrumental in controlling Nicaragua's gold sector operations.

Government Officials:

Santiago Hernan Bermudez Tapia serves as Nicaragua's vice minister of energy and mines, placing him at the centre of mining policy implementation and regulatory oversight. His designation reflects the US Treasury's assessment that government officials have been complicit in facilitating asset seizures and revenue diversion schemes.

Presidential Family Members:

Maurice Facundo Ortega Murillo, described as the Nicaraguan presidential delegate for sports, represents one of the ruling couple's sons who has been sanctioned for involvement in gold sector operations. Despite his official sports portfolio, Treasury officials have linked him to broader government revenue generation schemes.

Daniel Edmundo Ortega Murillo heads the country's Communication and Citizenship Council but has been implicated in the broader network of government officials benefiting from gold sector revenues and asset confiscation schemes.

Corporate Network Designations

The sanctions extend beyond government entities to encompass private companies that have been complicit in facilitating gold sector corruption and asset seizures.

Mining and Processing Companies:

Santa Rita Mining Co.: Granted land concessions for mineral extraction as part of the broader government patronage network

Exportadora de Metales Sociedad Anonima: Sells gold to US markets with profits potentially used to fund government-linked paramilitary groups

Grupo Minero Xiloa S.A.: Accused of using the US financial system to legitimise illicit funds and finance political machinery

Zhong Fu: Company involved in the seizure of BHMB Mining assets, with its president specifically targeted for sanctions

How Do Asset Seizures Impact International Mining Companies?

The sanctions on Nicaragua's gold sector were significantly escalated following the 2025 occupation and forcible seizure of BHMB Mining Nicaragua S.A.'s gold processing facilities, demonstrating how asset confiscation can trigger comprehensive international economic penalties.

The BHMB Mining Nicaragua Case Study

BHMB Mining Nicaragua S.A. was established in 2019 with foreign investment from a US company, representing the type of international mining operation that has become increasingly vulnerable to government seizure in Nicaragua's deteriorating investment climate.

Timeline of Escalation:

2019: Company establishment with US foreign direct investment

2019-2024: Normal mining operations under international investment protection

2025: Government occupation and forcible seizure of gold processing facilities

April 2026: US Treasury imposes comprehensive sanctions in response to asset seizure

The seizure of BHMB's assets illustrates how foreign mining companies can become targets for government appropriation when political tensions escalate, creating precedent for future confiscations that threaten international investment in Nicaragua's mining sector. Additionally, this situation reflects broader concerns about gold investment strategies in politically unstable regions.

Asset seizures create complex legal challenges that extend far beyond immediate operational disruptions, potentially triggering international arbitration proceedings and diplomatic protection mechanisms.

International Law Violations:

Bilateral Investment Treaty Breaches: Forced asset seizures without compensation violate standard investment protection agreements

Expropriation Without Due Process: Government appropriation without legal procedures contravenes international investment law

Fair and Equitable Treatment Standards: Asset confiscation violates minimum treatment standards under investment treaties

Financial Recovery Mechanisms:

Political Risk Insurance Claims: International mining companies typically carry insurance against government expropriation

International Arbitration: Investment treaty protections provide legal recourse through ICSID and other arbitration forums

Diplomatic Protection: Home country governments can pursue diplomatic remedies on behalf of their nationals

Risk Assessment for International Investors

The BHMB seizure creates significant precedent for evaluating political risk in Nicaragua's mining sector, particularly for companies with substantial fixed assets that cannot be easily relocated.

Operational Vulnerabilities:

Processing Facility Seizure: Government control of critical infrastructure can halt operations immediately

Licence Revocation: Arbitrary cancellation of mining permits without legal recourse

Forced Revenue Sharing: Demands for payment terms exceeding contractual agreements

Environmental Permit Weaponisation: Regulatory harassment through environmental compliance requirements

The seizure pattern suggests that foreign mining companies operating in Nicaragua face elevated expropriation risk, particularly when geopolitical tensions escalate between Nicaragua and investor home countries.

What Are the Enforcement Mechanisms and Compliance Requirements?

The enforcement of these measures operates through sophisticated mechanisms that leverage the US financial system's global reach to restrict sanctioned entities' access to international commerce and banking services. Moreover, the impact extends beyond direct financial restrictions to encompass broader compliance obligations for international businesses.

Financial System Restrictions

Banking Prohibition Framework:

US financial institutions are prohibited from processing any transactions involving sanctioned Nicaraguan gold sector entities, creating comprehensive financial isolation for targeted companies and individuals.

Asset Freezing: All US-based assets of sanctioned entities are immediately frozen upon designation

Transaction Blocking: Banks must block any attempted financial transfers involving sanctioned parties

Correspondent Banking Cutoff: International banks risk losing US correspondent banking relationships if they facilitate sanctioned transactions

Trade Finance Restrictions: Letters of credit and trade financing become unavailable for sanctioned entities

International Payment System Impact:

The global nature of the US financial system means that sanctions extend far beyond direct US banking relationships, affecting international payment networks and trade finance mechanisms worldwide.

SWIFT Network Integration: International wire transfers involving sanctioned entities are automatically blocked through integrated screening systems that scan all cross-border transactions for prohibited parties. Consequently, these restrictions create significant challenges for international trade financing.

Investment Limitations and Restrictions

The sanctions framework establishes comprehensive investment prohibitions that prevent new US investment in Nicaragua's gold sector whilst restricting existing business relationships.

Investment Prohibition Categories:

New Direct Investment: US persons cannot make new investments in sanctioned gold sector entities

Joint Venture Restrictions: Partnerships with sanctioned companies are prohibited

Technology Transfer Limitations: Export of mining equipment and technology faces enhanced restrictions

Service Provider Prohibitions: US companies cannot provide consulting, legal, or technical services to sanctioned entities

Due Diligence and Compliance Obligations

Companies operating in international markets must implement enhanced screening procedures to avoid inadvertent violations of Nicaragua gold sector sanctions. Furthermore, comprehensive sanctions compliance requires ongoing vigilance and sophisticated monitoring systems.

Know Your Customer (KYC) Requirements:

Enhanced Screening: Financial institutions must implement rigorous screening of all Nicaraguan mining sector counterparties

Beneficial Ownership Verification: Companies must identify ultimate ownership structures to detect sanctioned party involvement

Supply Chain Transparency: Gold trading companies must verify the source of precious metals to avoid sanctioned material

Ongoing Monitoring: Continuous surveillance of business relationships for potential sanctions exposure

Compliance Infrastructure Requirements:

Automated Screening Systems: Real-time transaction monitoring against OFAC designation lists

Regular Training Programmes: Employee education on sanctions compliance and identification procedures

Legal Counsel Consultation: Regular review of sanctions developments with qualified legal advisors

Documentation and Reporting: Maintenance of compliance records and suspicious activity reporting

How Effective Have These Sanctions Proven in Practice?

Evaluating the practical effectiveness of these measures requires examining both measurable economic impacts and unintended consequences that may undermine policy objectives. In addition, the complexity of international gold markets provides multiple avenues for circumventing restrictions.

Economic Impact Assessment

The economic disruption caused by gold sector sanctions appears limited based on available trade data and continued mining operations, suggesting that alternative markets and evasion mechanisms have maintained much of Nicaragua's gold export capacity.

Trade Flow Analysis:

Despite comprehensive sanctions targeting, Nicaragua's gold mining operations have demonstrated resilience through market diversification and alternative financial arrangements that bypass US financial systems. However, these developments align with broader gold market surge trends that provide alternative outlets for precious metals exports.

Continued Production Levels:

Major Mining Concessions: Large-scale operations continue functioning through non-US partnerships

Alternative Market Development: Increased gold sales to Asian and European buyers

Regional Trade Integration: Enhanced cooperation with Central American trading partners

Barter Arrangement Utilisation: Direct commodity exchanges that avoid traditional banking channels

Sanctions Evasion Patterns

The sophisticated nature of international gold markets provides multiple avenues for circumventing US financial restrictions, limiting the practical impact of sectoral sanctions.

Evasion Mechanisms:

Third-Country Transshipment: Gold exports through regional hubs that obscure ultimate origin

Corporate Restructuring: Creation of new business entities to obscure beneficial ownership connections

Alternative Payment Systems: Cryptocurrency and regional payment mechanisms that bypass traditional banking

Commodities-for-Goods Trading: Direct barter arrangements that avoid monetary transactions entirely

Unintended Strategic Consequences

The sanctions have produced several outcomes that may run counter to broader US strategic interests in Central America and global mining markets.

Market Concentration Effects:

Increased Chinese Investment: US sanctions have created opportunities for Chinese mining companies to expand their presence in Nicaragua's gold sector, potentially strengthening China's position in global precious metals supply chains.

Russian Partnership Development: Enhanced cooperation between Nicaragua and Russia in mining technology and financial arrangements, reducing US influence in the region.

Regional Alignment Shifts: Strengthened ties between Nicaragua and other sanctions-targeted nations like Venezuela and Cuba, creating alternative economic blocs that operate outside US-dominated financial systems.

Supply Chain Realignment: Development of mining sector supply chains that deliberately exclude US technology and services, reducing long-term American competitiveness in international mining markets. This trend coincides with gold prices record highs that make alternative partnerships increasingly attractive.

What Exemptions and General Licenses Apply to Mining Operations?

The sanctions include specific carve-outs designed to minimise humanitarian impact whilst maintaining pressure on government revenue streams and sanctioned entities.

Humanitarian and Safety Exceptions

Treasury regulations provide limited exemptions for activities deemed essential to worker safety and basic humanitarian needs within mining communities.

Permitted Activities Under General Licenses:

Emergency Medical Equipment: Life-saving medical supplies and equipment for mining workers and communities

Industrial Safety Equipment: Technology and equipment necessary to prevent mining accidents and worker injuries

Environmental Remediation: Technology required for environmental compliance and pollution prevention

Basic Humanitarian Supplies: Food, medicine, and essential goods for mining-dependent communities

These exemptions recognise that mining operations involve significant worker safety considerations and that sanctions should not create humanitarian crises for local populations dependent on mining employment.

Wind-Down Authorisations

Existing investment protection mechanisms provide limited time periods for US companies to safely exit Nicaragua's gold sector without sanctions violations.

Investment Protection Measures:

180-Day Wind-Down Periods: Limited timeframes for completing existing contractual obligations and asset disposition

Asset Preservation Authority: Permission to maintain assets pending legal resolution or sale to non-sanctioned parties

Employee Obligation Fulfilment: Continued salary and benefit payments during transition periods

Environmental Compliance Continuation: Ongoing environmental monitoring and remediation activities

Specific Authorisation Procedures

Companies can apply for specific licences to conduct otherwise prohibited activities if they can demonstrate compelling humanitarian or legal necessity.

Licence Application Criteria:

Demonstrated Humanitarian Need: Clear evidence that proposed activity addresses urgent humanitarian concerns

Limited Commercial Benefit: Activities that do not provide significant commercial advantage to sanctioned parties

Compliance Monitoring: Robust oversight mechanisms to ensure authorised activities remain within permitted scope

Time-Limited Authorisation: Specific timeframes that prevent open-ended exemptions

How Do These Measures Compare to Other Sectoral Sanctions Programs?

The approach follows established precedents from other US sectoral sanctions programmes whilst incorporating lessons learned from previous enforcement challenges and evasion patterns.

Iran Oil Sector Sanctions Model

The comprehensive Iran petroleum sanctions programme provides the most extensive precedent for sectoral sanctions targeting natural resource extraction and export.

Structural Similarities:

Sectoral Coverage: Complete exclusion from US financial systems for targeted industry participants

Secondary Sanctions Threats: Penalties for third-country entities facilitating prohibited transactions

Technology Transfer Restrictions: Prohibition of specialised equipment and technical services

Financial Network Disruption: Comprehensive banking restrictions that extend beyond direct US relationships

Key Implementation Differences:

The Iran sanctions benefit from broader international coalition support, particularly European Union participation, which significantly enhances enforcement effectiveness compared to the primarily unilateral approach toward Nicaragua.

Enforcement Resource Allocation: Iran sanctions receive substantially greater enforcement resources and international intelligence cooperation, limiting evasion opportunities more effectively than Nicaragua-focused measures.

Venezuela Gold Sanctions Precedent

Venezuela's gold sector sanctions, implemented under Executive Order 13884, provide the most directly comparable precedent for Nicaragua's precious metals restrictions.

Lessons from Venezuela Implementation:

Limited Effectiveness Without Multilateral Coordination: Venezuela's continued gold exports to non-US markets demonstrate the limitations of unilateral sectoral sanctions in globally traded commodities markets.

Sanctions Evasion Through Neighbouring Countries: Venezuelan gold has continued flowing to international markets through transshipment arrangements with regional partners, suggesting similar vulnerabilities in Nicaragua sanctions enforcement.

Strengthened Authoritarian Control: Rather than weakening government control, Venezuela's experience suggests that gold sector sanctions may actually consolidate state control over mining operations by eliminating private sector alternatives.

Alternative Partnership Development: Venezuela has strengthened mining sector ties with Russia, China, and Iran, creating precedent for Nicaragua to pursue similar non-aligned partnerships.

Russia Energy Sector Sanctions Framework

The comprehensive sanctions targeting Russia's energy sector following the 2022 Ukraine invasion provide insights into modern sectoral sanctions implementation against major commodity producers.

Advanced Enforcement Mechanisms:

Real-Time Tracking Technology: Satellite monitoring and shipping intelligence to identify sanctions evasion

Financial Network Analysis: Sophisticated detection of alternative payment mechanisms and shell company structures

International Coordination: Unprecedented cooperation among G7 nations in sanctions enforcement

Price Cap Mechanisms: Novel approaches to limiting revenue whilst maintaining market access for humanitarian purposes

Applicability to Nicaragua Context:

The Russia sanctions demonstrate advanced enforcement capabilities that could potentially be applied to Nicaragua's gold sector, though the scale and international support for Russia sanctions significantly exceeds Nicaragua-focused measures.

What Future Developments Could Affect Sanctions Policy?

The trajectory of these measures will likely depend on political developments within Nicaragua, changes in US administration policy priorities, and evolving international cooperation frameworks. Additionally, global economic trends and gold price forecast 2025 projections may influence the strategic calculus behind sanctions policy.

Political Transition Scenarios

Future sanctions policy will be significantly influenced by potential political changes within Nicaragua and corresponding US policy responses to democratic transitions or continued authoritarian consolidation.

Democratic Transition Implications:

Automatic Review Mechanisms: Treasury regulations could include triggered reviews of sanctions designations following verified democratic transitions, creating incentives for political reform.

Investment Protection Restoration: New democratic governments could negotiate bilateral investment treaties that provide stronger protections for international mining companies, potentially reversing current asset seizure trends.

International Monitoring Integration: Democratic transitions might include requirements for international oversight of mining sector revenues and transparency in government contracting processes.

Graduated Sanctions Relief: Phased removal of sanctions designations tied to specific democratic governance benchmarks, including free elections, press freedom restoration, and civil society organisation operations.

Congressional Action Possibilities

Legislative developments could significantly expand or modify the current sanctions framework through Congressional action that either strengthens enforcement mechanisms or adjusts humanitarian exemptions.

Potential Legislative Enhancements:

Enhanced Enforcement Authority: Expanded Treasury powers to investigate and prosecute sanctions evasion

Expanded Sectoral Coverage: Extension of sanctions to other Nicaraguan economic sectors beyond gold mining

Humanitarian Exemption Modifications: Adjustments to general licences based on observed humanitarian impacts

Reporting Requirement Adjustments: Enhanced Congressional oversight through mandatory administration reporting on sanctions effectiveness

Multilateral Coordination Development

The effectiveness of Nicaragua gold sector sanctions could be significantly enhanced through greater international coordination, particularly with European Union and regional partners.

International Partnership Opportunities:

European Union Alignment: Potential harmonisation of EU sanctions with US measures targeting Nicaragua's gold sector, creating broader international isolation for sanctioned entities.

Canadian Sanctions Coordination: Enhanced cooperation with Canadian authorities given significant Canadian mining presence in Central America and shared concerns about investment protection.

Regional Organisation Involvement: Potential integration of Organisation of American States mechanisms with bilateral sanctions programmes to create regional pressure for policy changes.

UN Security Council Consideration: Possible pursuit of multilateral sanctions through UN mechanisms, though this would require broader international consensus on Nicaragua's human rights situation.

How Should Mining Companies Navigate This Regulatory Environment?

International mining companies operating in or considering investments in regions affected by these measures must implement comprehensive risk management frameworks that address both compliance obligations and operational security concerns.

Risk Mitigation Strategies

Enhanced Due Diligence Protocols:

Mining companies must implement rigorous screening procedures that extend beyond basic sanctions compliance to encompass broader political risk assessment and regulatory stability analysis.

Comprehensive Entity Screening: Regular verification of all business partners, contractors, and service providers against current sanctions designations

Beneficial Ownership Investigation: Deep analysis of complex ownership structures to identify potential sanctions exposure through indirect relationships

Supply Chain Transparency: End-to-end traceability of gold and other precious metals to ensure compliance with sanctions restrictions

Political Risk Intelligence: Ongoing monitoring of political developments that could trigger additional sanctions or operational restrictions

Alternative Supply Chain Development:

Diversification strategies become essential for companies exposed to sanctions-affected regions, requiring development of alternative sourcing and partnership arrangements.

Geographic Diversification: Investment in mining operations across multiple jurisdictions to reduce concentration risk in any single regulatory environment.

Partner Diversification: Development of relationships with mining companies and service providers from multiple countries to reduce dependence on any single regulatory framework.

Technology Independence: Investment in technologies and expertise that do not depend on sanctions-affected suppliers or service providers.

Compliance Infrastructure Requirements

Automated Monitoring Systems:

Modern compliance requires sophisticated technological infrastructure capable of real-time monitoring of sanctions developments and business relationship changes.

Sanctions Database Integration: Automated screening systems that update continuously with OFAC and other sanctions designations

Transaction Monitoring: Real-time analysis of financial flows to identify potential sanctions exposure

Supply Chain Tracking: Blockchain and other technologies that provide transparent tracking of commodity flows from source to end-user

Regulatory Update Systems: Automated alerts for sanctions policy changes that could affect business operations

Professional Compliance Support:

Specialised Legal Counsel: Regular consultation with attorneys specialising in sanctions compliance and international investment law

Compliance Officer Training: Ongoing education for internal compliance staff on evolving sanctions requirements and enforcement patterns

Industry Association Participation: Engagement with mining industry organisations that provide compliance guidance and regulatory updates

Government Liaison: Regular communication with home country trade and foreign affairs departments regarding sanctions developments

Investment Decision Framework

Political Risk Assessment Matrix:

Mining companies require comprehensive frameworks for evaluating political risk that incorporate sanctions probability assessments alongside traditional commercial risk factors.

Evaluation Criteria:

Regulatory Stability Assessment: Analysis of host country legal frameworks and consistency of mining policy implementation

Political Risk Quantification: Statistical modelling of expropriation risk, sanctions probability, and operational disruption likelihood

Alternative Jurisdiction Analysis: Comparative assessment of investment opportunities across multiple countries with varying risk profiles

Exit Strategy Development: Pre-planned procedures for asset protection and investment recovery in case of political deterioration

Insurance and Financial Protection:

Political Risk Insurance: Comprehensive coverage for expropriation, currency inconvertibility, and political violence

Sanctions Insurance: Specialised coverage for losses resulting from sanctions designation or trade restrictions

International Arbitration Preparation: Advance planning for investment treaty arbitration including document preservation and legal strategy development

Diplomatic Protection Coordination: Engagement with home country diplomatic services to establish frameworks for government support in case of investment disputes

Disclaimer: This analysis is intended for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal, financial, or investment advice. Companies operating in sanctions-affected regions should consult qualified legal counsel and compliance professionals for specific guidance on regulatory requirements and risk management strategies. Sanctions regulations change frequently, and this information may not reflect the most current developments.

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Muflih Hidayat
By Muflih Hidayat
Mining & Energy Journalist
Muflih Hidayat is a Mining and Energy Journalist at Discovery Alert with over nine years in mining journalism and strategic communications. Winner of the 2025 Champion of Journalism award (PT Agincourt Resources, ASTRA Group) and the 2022 Subroto Award in Energy Journalism from Indonesia's Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, he is a member of the Association of Indonesian Mining Professionals (PERHAPI).
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